 |
| |
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp=
2 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 4 unsettled
explanation | more
data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 11.1
nT
Bz: -3.9
nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0050
UT
Coronal Holes: 10 Mar 22
There are no significant coronal holes on the Earthside of the sun. Credit: SDO/AIA
Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for noctilucent clouds is over. It ended on Feb. 20, 2022, concluding the weakest NLC season in 14 years. The northern season will begin in late May..
Switch view: Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, Polar
Updated at:
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts |
|
Updated at: 2022 Mar 10 2200 UTC
FLARE |
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
CLASS M |
15
% |
15
% |
CLASS X |
01
% |
01
% |
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant
disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor
storm, severe
storm
Updated at: 2022 Mar 10 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
30
% |
10
% |
MINOR |
10
% |
01
% |
SEVERE |
01
% |
01
% |
High latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
15
% |
15
% |
MINOR |
30
% |
20
% |
SEVERE |
40
% |
15
% |
|
|
|
 |
|
|
|
| |
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A CME IS IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD: Later today, March 10th, a coronal mass ejection (CME) will pass close to Earth and might deliver a glancing blow to our planet's magnetic field. The CME was hurled into space 3 days ago by an erupting filament of magnetism on the sun. Arctic sky watchers should be alert for a possible brightening of auroras when the CME arrives. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.
THIS RED ARC IS NOT AN AURORA: All day long on March 5th, a solar wind stream buffeted Earth's magnetic field. When night fell in Banff, Alberta, photographer Marybeth Kiczenski took her camera to the countryside to look for auroras. She found this instead:
"It also appears we captured an SAR," says Kiczenski, referring to the red arc cutting across the Milky Way.
SARs were discovered in 1956 at the beginning of the Space Age. Researchers didn’t know what they were and unwittingly gave them a misleading name: "Stable Auroral Red arcs" or SARs.
In fact, SARs are not auroras. Auroras appear when charged particles rain down from space, hitting the atmosphere and causing it to glow like the picture tube of an old color TV. SARs form differently. They are a sign of heat energy leaking into the upper atmosphere from Earth’s ring current system.
The ring current is a donut-shaped circuit carrying millions of amps around our planet. It skims the orbits of geosynchronous satellites and plays a huge role in determining the severity of geomagnetic storms. Earth is the only rocky planet that has one.
Above: SARs photographed by the Dynamics Explorer-1 satellite in 1982. More
If you want to photograph an SAR, you have to catch the ring current in the act of leaking. This happens during many geomagnetic storms. A G1-class storm was in progress when Kiczenski caught hers. The red arcs have been sighted as far south as Texas.
SARs are among the reddest things in the sky, with a monochromatic glow at 6300 Å that comes from atomic oxygen in the upper atmosphere. Unfortunately, the human eye is relatively insensitive to light at this wavelength. SARs are usually so faint that no one notices when they pass overhead. Cameras catch them easily, though. Pro tip for photographers: Use a 6300 Å filter.
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
STERLING SILVER DOLPHIN PENDANT: Dolphins from space? Believe it. On Feb. 28, 2022, this crystal dolphin pendant flew 111,101 feet above the Sierra Nevada mountains of Central California, hitching a ride onboard an Earth to Sky Calculus cosmic ray balloon:
You can have it for $175.95. Swimming around a colorful crystal whirl, the playful dolphins are 100% 925 sterling silver with a matching 18-inch sterling silver chain. The entire pendant is lead-free, nickel-free, cadmium-free, and totally hypoallergenic.
Each pendant comes with a greeting card showing the dolphins in flight, and telling the story of their trip to the edge of space and back again. All sales support the student's cosmic ray research program.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
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Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Every night, a network
of NASA
all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United
States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software
maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office
calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth
in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics.
Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Mar 10, 2022, the network reported 6 fireballs.
(6 sporadics)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue).
[Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids ( PHAs)
are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that
can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the
known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet,
although astronomers are finding new
ones all the time.
On March 11, 2022 there were 2271 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent
& Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
| Asteroid |
Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2022 ES4 |
2022-Mar-05 |
6.4 LD |
9 |
19 |
| 2022 EO |
2022-Mar-05 |
1 LD |
8.5 |
5 |
| 2022 DO4 |
2022-Mar-05 |
3.5 LD |
11.2 |
13 |
| 2022 EC3 |
2022-Mar-05 |
1.1 LD |
8.4 |
25 |
| 2022 EA |
2022-Mar-05 |
3.4 LD |
15.7 |
18 |
| 2022 EN4 |
2022-Mar-05 |
12.6 LD |
21.5 |
40 |
| 2022 EG1 |
2022-Mar-05 |
6.7 LD |
19.9 |
20 |
| 2022 DT3 |
2022-Mar-06 |
9.8 LD |
19.5 |
23 |
| 2022 DO1 |
2022-Mar-06 |
6.6 LD |
13.9 |
15 |
| 2022 EZ1 |
2022-Mar-06 |
19.1 LD |
5.4 |
16 |
| 2022 EC4 |
2022-Mar-06 |
1.5 LD |
9.9 |
19 |
| 2022 EM |
2022-Mar-06 |
18.6 LD |
18.1 |
44 |
| 2022 EY |
2022-Mar-06 |
12.6 LD |
6.3 |
27 |
| 2022 EY3 |
2022-Mar-06 |
9.9 LD |
4.5 |
10 |
| 2022 EB3 |
2022-Mar-07 |
11.7 LD |
19.7 |
52 |
| 2022 EL4 |
2022-Mar-07 |
2 LD |
9.8 |
13 |
| 2022 EF3 |
2022-Mar-07 |
7.3 LD |
9.9 |
10 |
| 2022 DH1 |
2022-Mar-07 |
18 LD |
7 |
43 |
| 2020 DC |
2022-Mar-07 |
4.2 LD |
5 |
16 |
| 2022 EX3 |
2022-Mar-07 |
19.4 LD |
20.3 |
27 |
| 2022 ET4 |
2022-Mar-08 |
8.5 LD |
18.1 |
59 |
| 2022 DS3 |
2022-Mar-09 |
13.4 LD |
3.7 |
15 |
| 2022 EM4 |
2022-Mar-09 |
7.7 LD |
6.8 |
30 |
| 2022 EV3 |
2022-Mar-09 |
0.2 LD |
10.5 |
4 |
| 2022 EC2 |
2022-Mar-09 |
10.8 LD |
12.3 |
15 |
| 2022 EN3 |
2022-Mar-10 |
7.6 LD |
17.6 |
31 |
| 2021 EY1 |
2022-Mar-10 |
10.1 LD |
15.5 |
16 |
| 2015 DR215 |
2022-Mar-11 |
17.5 LD |
8.3 |
290 |
| 2022 EV1 |
2022-Mar-11 |
10.7 LD |
8.3 |
22 |
| 2009 DV43 |
2022-Mar-11 |
8.2 LD |
16.5 |
65 |
| 2022 DX2 |
2022-Mar-13 |
15.7 LD |
12.7 |
35 |
| 2022 DR3 |
2022-Mar-13 |
15.7 LD |
12.4 |
31 |
| 2018 GY |
2022-Mar-13 |
11.9 LD |
10.7 |
43 |
| 2022 BX1 |
2022-Mar-13 |
20.1 LD |
11 |
161 |
| 2022 ES3 |
2022-Mar-13 |
0.9 LD |
18.3 |
13 |
| 2022 EO4 |
2022-Mar-13 |
2.8 LD |
15.6 |
29 |
| 2022 EA1 |
2022-Mar-14 |
8.1 LD |
5.5 |
13 |
| 2022 EK4 |
2022-Mar-14 |
4.8 LD |
8.3 |
19 |
| 2022 ED4 |
2022-Mar-15 |
2.1 LD |
17 |
17 |
| 2022 DP3 |
2022-Mar-15 |
3 LD |
10.8 |
41 |
| 2022 EG3 |
2022-Mar-15 |
13.8 LD |
6.5 |
8 |
| 2022 EF4 |
2022-Mar-16 |
6.9 LD |
12.1 |
24 |
| 2019 PH1 |
2022-Mar-17 |
12.3 LD |
15.9 |
37 |
| 2022 EU3 |
2022-Mar-17 |
14.2 LD |
5 |
14 |
| 2022 DB2 |
2022-Mar-18 |
11 LD |
8.6 |
52 |
| 2016 FZ12 |
2022-Mar-19 |
2.2 LD |
8.3 |
16 |
| 2022 DX |
2022-Mar-19 |
8.5 LD |
1.5 |
8 |
| 2022 EE4 |
2022-Mar-21 |
18 LD |
16.9 |
33 |
| 2022 DG3 |
2022-Mar-21 |
18.3 LD |
7.2 |
37 |
| 2020 SQ |
2022-Mar-21 |
2.8 LD |
6 |
12 |
| 2013 BO76 |
2022-Mar-24 |
13.3 LD |
13.8 |
271 |
| 2011 GE3 |
2022-Mar-26 |
7.6 LD |
7 |
22 |
| 2012 FX35 |
2022-Mar-26 |
13.7 LD |
5.9 |
25 |
| 2010 GD35 |
2022-Mar-29 |
17.7 LD |
12.5 |
43 |
| 2020 FW5 |
2022-Mar-30 |
8.9 LD |
13.1 |
27 |
| 2022 EK1 |
2022-Mar-30 |
19 LD |
7.6 |
42 |
| 2022 DX4 |
2022-Mar-31 |
16.7 LD |
6 |
41 |
| 2007 FF1 |
2022-Apr-01 |
19.4 LD |
12.8 |
155 |
| 2021 GN1 |
2022-Apr-02 |
14.4 LD |
14.3 |
19 |
| 2016 GW221 |
2022-Apr-02 |
9.8 LD |
5.9 |
41 |
| 2022 EN2 |
2022-Apr-04 |
18.7 LD |
5.6 |
41 |
| 2012 TV |
2022-Apr-05 |
19.2 LD |
18.1 |
32 |
| 2020 GH1 |
2022-Apr-09 |
16.8 LD |
7.2 |
28 |
| 2017 TO2 |
2022-Apr-10 |
17.9 LD |
11.6 |
78 |
| 363599 |
2022-Apr-12 |
19.3 LD |
24.5 |
221 |
| 2020 TQ6 |
2022-Apr-18 |
13.4 LD |
15.4 |
43 |
| 2017 UR2 |
2022-Apr-22 |
19.4 LD |
9.3 |
10 |
| 2020 VN1 |
2022-Apr-25 |
19.3 LD |
2.3 |
9 |
| 418135 |
2022-Apr-28 |
8.5 LD |
10.4 |
443 |
| 2017 XO2 |
2022-May-01 |
18.8 LD |
12.4 |
118 |
| 2017 HG1 |
2022-May-04 |
18.2 LD |
6 |
11 |
Notes: LD means
"Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance
between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256
AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on
the date of closest approach.
| |
Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:
This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.
We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset.
En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:
The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| |
The
official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| |
The
first place to look for information about sundogs,
pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| |
Researchers
call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO
is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| |
3D
views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial
Relations Observatory |
| |
Realtime
and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| |
information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| |
from
the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| |
from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
the
underlying science of space weather |
 |
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